The International Journal of Intellectual Discourse (IJID) is a regional and continental open-access, peer-reviewed academic journal published by the Bauchi State University, Gadau, Bauchi State - Nigeria. This journal, which is published quarterly, is aimed at driving and expanding knowledge in the areas of social sciences, management sciences, and humanities by providing opportunities for publishing research findings and ground-breaking discoveries, new concepts, or theory, exchange of ideas, circulate scholarly opinion and to enhance collaboration among researchers across a broad spectrum of disciplines, such as Accounting, Management, Business Administration, Economics, Human Resource Management, Organisational Behaviour, Banking, Finance, Marketing, and any other related areas.