International Journal of Intellectual Discourse

Nigeria Civil War and Human Security a Discursive Exploration

Wasiu Olatunji Abioye — 2024-09-30

The paper examines civil war and human security in Nigeria as a discursive exploration. War is a phenomenon that cannot be avoidable around the globe but it can be managed, particularly ideological war. However, when a war becomes bloody that claimed lives and properties in a state or between states it must be eradicated and put to an end. The objective of this paper is to assess the implications of civil war in Nigeria on human security and livelihood. This civil war was deadly in Nigeria's history. The methodology relied on secondary data of analysis; of which scapegoat theory is the theoretical orientation for this work. The findings revealed that Nigeria's civil war is the root of political and economic insecurity in Nigeria. The paper concluded that the civil war has damaged the spirit of brotherhood and unity in the country; while the study advocated for genuine brainstorming, negotiation, and compromising that can address ethnicity management as one of the prime recommendations.

Effects of Universal Basic Education Program (UBE) on educational development of Bauchi and Bogoro Local Government Areas of Bauchi state, Nigeria

Amanda Paul — 2024-09-30

This research work is An Assessment of the Effect of Universal Basic Education on the Educational Development of Bauchi and Bogoro Local Government Areas of Bauchi State. This becomes necessary because Education is the solid bedrock upon which every form of development: social, political, religious and economic is anchored. This further explains why it is perceived as a veritable tool and as well catalyst for national development. Universal Basic Education which is supposed to be free, compulsory and accessible has remained unachievable and still faces the challenges of low students/pupils’ enrolment rates, high prevalence of school dropout and an acute shortage in the provision of infrastructural facilities necessarily needed to facilitate learning and teaching processes within the school environment more than two decades after its formal inauguration. Therefore, the study is concerned about establishing relationship between increase in enrolment, retention and completion rates and the provision of infrastructural facilities with educational development. Three Hypotheses were postulated to that effect. Survey method was adopted for data collection. The total number of sampled respondents stood at 394 drawn from the population of teachers of the selected local government areas (3446) using Yamane formula, with the addition of 10% as recommended by Israel (2013) to cater for not-return questionnaires. Multiple regression statistical analysis model was employed to determine the significant effect of the variables on educational development of the areas. The finding of the research revealed that, pupil’s enrolment in school affects educational development significantly though not sufficient enough to cause it but implies that any increase in students/pupil’s enrolment rates will have multiplier effect on educational development. It also revealed that, pupils/students’ retention and completion rates in schools had the most significant share of the effect on educational development. Infrastructural facilities were found to be non-available, dilapidated or grossly inadequate for use. The study therefore recommended that school feeding programme should not be discontinued in order to boost enrolment and retention rates and UBE should ensure adequate provision of infrastructural facilities.

Effect of advertisement on consumer brand preference in telecommunication industry at Abuja, Nigeria

John Fave Kwaji Kwagga — 2024-09-30

The aim of this study is to examine the effect of advertisement on consumer brand preference of telecommunication companies in Abuja, Nigeria. The study employed survey research design and data was collected using self-administered questionnaire from 552 telecommunication customer in Kwali Area. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) on Smart-PLS was used to analysis the data and test the hypothesis about the relationships between the variables. The findings indicated that electronic media and print media have significant positive effect on consumer brand preference in telecommunication companies in Kwali area council Abuja based on the statistical data of this study. The study recommended that customers should leverage electronic media platforms and should pay attention to print media.

Exploring the role of social media in agricultural practices among rice farmers: Evidence from Kaduna State, Nigeria

Mukhtar Elkassim — 2024-09-30

This study examines the role of social media in enhancing agricultural practices among rice farmers in Kaduna State, Nigeria. The research reveals that social media platforms, particularly Facebook and WhatsApp, are widely used among farmers for sharing agricultural information, leading to improved farming practices. Descriptive survey was employed to collect data from 357 registered members of Rice Farmer’s Association of Nigeria. Key findings indicate that social media has significantly increased access to timely and relevant agricultural knowledge, facilitated peer-to-peer learning, and reduced the reliance on
traditional extension services. Farmers perceive several benefits, including faster dissemination of information, increased collaboration, and improved decision-making. However, challenges such as poor internet connectivity, high data costs, and concerns over misinformation were also identified. The study recommends improving digital infrastructure and offering targeted digital literacy programs to maximize the benefits of social media for agricultural development.

Moderated-Mediation of Entrepreneurial Business Network and Competitive Advantage on the Relationship between SMEs Determinants of Sustainable Performance in Nigeria: A Proposed Conceptual Framework

Shamsudeen Muazu Salisu — 2024-09-30

The inability of Small and Medium Enterprise (SMEs) to sustain their long-term performance necessitates the need for this study. Therefore, the paper proposes a conceptual framework that highlights the moderated-mediation role of entrepreneurial business network and competitive advantage on the relationship between SMEs determinants of sustainable performance. Specifically, the study believes that competitive advantage may act as a mediator between entrepreneurial orientation, ethical sensitivity, access to finance and access to ICT on the sustainable performance. In addition, entrepreneurial business network was proposed to moderate the relationship between competitive advantage and sustainable performance. Also, the study proposed the use of quantitative research approach to collect data from owner manager of SMEs. Furthermore, partial least square structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) using SmartPLS 4 software was propose as technique of data analysis. Lastly, the study proposed testing the model in developing countries like Nigeria.

Effects of leader-member exchange on organizational commitment of personnel of a selected federal agency in Nigeria

Jibrin Zakari — 2024-09-30

This study examines the impact of Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) on organizational commitment among personnel at a selected Federal Agency (name withheld) in Nigeria. LMX refers to the quality of relationships between supervisors and subordinates, influencing both commitment and productivity. This research aims to assess how LMX affects organizational commitment within this context. A quantitative methodology was employed, utilizing questionnaires distributed to 307 employees of the Agency. Statistical analyses including ttests, F-tests, and the coefficient of determination (R2) were conducted to establish relationships between LMX and organizational commitment. The findings reveal a significant positive correlation (p < 0.05) between LMX and organizational commitment, indicating that stronger leader-subordinate relationships enhance commitment levels. The study suggests that leaders should adopt strategies aimed at fostering positive relationships with their subordinates to promote organizational commitment.

Impact of anticipated regrets after-retirement on retirement planning behavior of the Nigerian workers

Sani Dauda — 2024-09-30

Aged people often express regret about financial decisions made in their earlier working life that exposed them to old-age financial insecurity. Prior work has discovered one outcome, saving regret, or people expressed wish that they had saved more earlier in life. In order to bridge the knowledge gap, the present research intends to examine the impact of anticipated regret on retirement planning behaviour to make extra voluntary retirement savings. The study is cross sectional in nature with a sample of 600 Nigerian workers from three geopolitical zone. Using smart PLS, the result obtained show that retirement planning intention has a significant positive impact on retirement planning behavior of the workers. Similarly, attitude towards financial planning and financial planning control has a significant positive impact on retirement planning intention of the workers. However, social influence has no significant impact on retirement planning intention. On the other hand, anticipated regret has a significant positive impact on attitude towards financial planning, retirement planning intention and social influence. Thus, anticipated regret plays a significant role in influencing attitude, social perception and financial perception and control on the formation of intention and retirement planning behavior. Practical Implications of the study revealed a significant correlation between psychological factors and retirement planning behavior of the workers. Most importantly, anticipated regrets were consistent with other factors.

An assessment of the African union conflict management mechanisms in Darfur region of Sudan

Kim Luka Dung — 2024-09-30

The conflict in Darfur region of Western Sudan began in February 2003 when the Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) rebel groups took up arms against the government of Sudan which they accused of oppressing Darfur's non-Arab black ethnic population. The armed conflict has resulted in over 300,000 deaths and exacerbated a humanitarian crisis resulting in the displacement of more than 2.7 million people from their homes. The conflict in Darfur region between the government and rebel groups is multi-dimensional in nature involving economic, political, social, cultural and environmental factors. However, this study intends to focus on the conflict management mechanisms employed by the African Union in resolving the conflict. Findings revealed that the conflict mechanisms adopted by the African Union were not effective and inadequate in managing the conflict in Darfur region. The study adopted descriptive and narrative qualitative research design. The research used purposive non probability sampling technique and the main research instruments adopted was semi structured in-depth interview used to generate data from 24 respondents. The researcher also explored various literature on the issue from scholars using journals, textbooks, official bulletins and internet sources. The paper recommend that the African Union need a robust conflict management tools and adequate funding to manage conflict in Darfur region of Western Sudan in particular and African continent in general.

Use of Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) Equipment in the Hotel Sector of Nigeria’s Tourism Industry

Helen O C Ambassador-Brikins — 2024-09-30

This study investigates the perceptions of selected university staffers of the National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN), among other professionals who may patronise hotels during their leisure or official travels on their choice of hotels based on the availability and use of ClosedCircuit Television (CCTV) equipment. The study adopted a mixed research method for data
collection.100 staff members of the NOUN from its 8 faculties comprising teaching and nonteaching staff were selected as respondents for the study, based on random and stratified sampling techniques. In addition, 16 research participants from the tourism industry and academia were recruited for the study, using the snowballing technique. A questionnaire survey
and semi-structured/in-depth interview technique designed based on the technological determinism theory were used to retrieve requisite information from the respondents and research participants. The administered questionnaires gave a return rate of 89% when analysed using tables. The interviews were content analysed. The study found that virtually all staff members of NOUN patronise hotels in Nigeria for various purposes. Even though most respondents and participants were not sure if the deployment of the surveillance equipment in focus would prevent crime, they affirmed that the availability of CCTV equipment at the hotels they stayed in gave them a sense of safety and security. They inferred that CCTV technology deters criminals and would-be criminals. NOUN staff were especially emphatic that deploying CCTV cameras in hotels is not an invasion of their privacy, as the cameras are restricted to open places. Nonetheless, the study recommends that as a matter of policy hotels without CCTV equipment should be made to install such equipment to enhance the safety and security of guests
and staffers and for the prevention of crimes.

Exploring public policy on the challenges of internally displaced persons in Nigeria

Samuel C. Ugoh — 2024-09-30

The major objective of this study is to investigate the effects of public policies toward mitigating Internally Displacement in Nigeria. These are groups of persons forced to leave their places of habitual residence due to violation of human right, situations of generalized violence natural or human made disasters. These people suffer high rates of mortality than the peaceful or normal environment as they are frequently deprived of adequate shelter, education, food and health service. Even these displaced are not in peaceful relationship with the host communities due to the destruction and violation of their economy and cultural lives. Consequently, there are more incidence of cases relating to poverty within the locality. Efforts of the public policy targeted to mitigate the conflicts, yielded little or no result. The paper indicated the causes to the low level of accountability of the leaders, bad governance, poverty, corruption, insecurity amongst others. The study adopted a historical approach to the political research and used secondary sources of information. The study applied conflict management theory which focuses on bargaining strategies and negotiating process as means to improve the relationship between the government institutions and the citizens. The study found that the inability of the government to come up with good policies has led to bad governance which exacerbates agitation of even development in the society. In sum up lack of sustainable development were the main problem to conflicts that led to displacement of persons from their environment. It is therefore recommended that the entire reviewing of the government policies with a view in making impact for sustainable development in the country.

The unintended legacy of Niger-Delta amnesty on contemporary peacebuilding discourse in Nigeria: An introspection

Abdul-Wasi Babatunde Moshood — 2024-09-30

The strategy of using amnesty as a mechanism for resolving conflict in war-torn societies and in societies where conflict seems intractable has become essential where peace is desired at all costs. As one of the tools of transitional justice system, amnesty has proved very useful in countries like Nigeria, Cambodia, Chile, Brazil, and South Africa to birth enduring peace in
the countries. In recent times, however, there are views that hold that amnesty is creating a contagious effect, a process which may foster culture of violence in a country. Using exploratory research design, an empirical method including interview among critical stakeholders. It adopts qualitative method including analysis of both primary and secondary data. This study examines amnesty in Nigeria and the argument that it might have encourage the spread of culture of violence in the country. The study seeks a relationship between the current waves of violence in the country and its possible connection to amnesty programme used as part of conflict management strategy in the country. The study will benefit from doctoral research that investigates the amnesty programme in the Niger Delta region in Nigeria and continuous discourse of the post amnesty phase.

Monetary policy and performance of deposit money banks in Nigeria

Nwikina Christian Gbarawae — 2024-09-30

This research examines the impact of monetary policy interventions on the performance of deposit money banks in Nigeria from 1990 to 2022. Monetary policy indicators—cash reserve ratio, monetary policy rate, lending interest rate, and wide money supply—served as proxies, while profit after tax was utilised to evaluate bank performance. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller Unit Root Test and the Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model were utilised to guarantee data dependability and correctness. The research was owing to secondary data from the Central Bank of Nigeria's 2022 statistical bulletin. The upshots demonstrated a long-term association between monetary policy and bank performance, as validated by the bound test. The cash reserve ratio shown a favorable short-term effect on profit after tax, but the monetary policy rate revealed a positive and substantial influence in both the short and long term. Lending interest rates shown a negative and substantial correlation with bank performance, whereas the broad money supply had a negative but substantial influence on profitability. The report argued that monetary policy is crucial in influencing the profitability of deposit money institutions in Nigeria. The CBN is advised to either maintain or make minor modifications to the cash reserve ratio to promote ongoing profitability and financial stability within the banking sector. This research offers essential information for policymakers, banking entities, and financial experts.

Interrogating internal displacement of women and children due to insecurity in Bokkos, Barkin-Ladi and Mangu Local Government Areas, Plateau State, Nigeria

Choji Felix Dalyop — 2024-09-30

The objective formulated to guide this study is to find out the state of the living conditions and to determine the surviving strategies adopted by Internally Displaced Persons-IDPs as coping mechanisms with livelihood in Bokkos, Barkin-Ladi and Mangu Local Government Areas, of Plateau State, Nigeria. The study considered the use of qualitative means of eliciting relevant data through the use of KII and FGD with the IDPs, government officials, and some critical leaders of thought. Participants were selected from some of the villages in the affected LGAs, and the data obtained was analyzed using Quality Data Management-QDM software as a basic tool. This is relevant because the interest of the study is about IDPs in the study area, mainly women and children. Indeed, these persons have to go through a lot of humanitarian crisis: food insecurity, gender abuse, shelter problems, stigmatisation, and difficulty getting quality education, healthcare services, amongst others. The study finds out that the restoration of peace is key to the study area before any meaningful development would take place. The study therefore advises that government should be proactive in carrying out its primary responsibility of securing the life and properties of its people. It is again recommended that Penology on the treatment of offenders should be enhanced in line with extant laws to serve as deterrent to offenders for the violations of laws on the displacement of persons to ensure physical and human security, a just society, peaceful co-existence, national unity, prosperity and sustainable development. The study also impresses on the fact that Government should motivate the affected LGAs to always be on the lookout to provide credible and reliable intelligence reports to security agencies to assist in tackling down any security breach among others.

The use of exploratory factor analysis in evaluating the prevailing factors of environmental accounting information in Nigeria

Ibrahim Abubakar — 2024-09-30

This study examines the main factors that influence environmental accounting Information in Nigeria using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). Given the increasing importance of environmental sustainability in corporate reporting, understanding the factors that drive environmental disclosures in Nigeria is crucial. The research analyzed data from a sample of Nigerian companies across different industries using EFA to identify the key factors that shape their environmental accounting practices. Structured questionnaire was distributed to respondents with the view to compare their perception and experience on prevailing factors. The findings revealed several significant indicators, which are grouped across four factors namely; Environmental Expenditure Reporting, Carbon Emission Disclosure and Environmental Liability Recognition and Creditors Decision Making. Also, companies may need to focus more on immediate, tangible aspects of environmental accounting rather than broader, long-term sustainability initiatives to satisfy current market and regulatory demands. The paper recommended that, companies need to understand the specific environmental factors that influence creditor decision-making, such as Carbon Emission Disclosure and Environmental Liability Recognition, can aid in tailoring reports to meet stakeholder expectations, particularly those of financial institutions.

Influence of environmental accounting information on creditor decision-making in Nigeria

Ibrahim Abubakar — 2024-09-30

This study examines the main factors that influence environmental accounting Information in Nigeria using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). Given the increasing importance of environmental sustainability in corporate reporting, understanding the factors that drive environmental disclosures in Nigeria is crucial. The research analysed data from a sample of Nigerian companies across different industries using EFA to identify the key factors that shape their environmental accounting practices. Structured questionnaire was distributed to respondents with the view to compare their perception and experience on prevailing factors. The findings revealed several significant indicators, which are grouped across four factors namely; Environmental Expenditure Reporting, Carbon Emission Disclosure and Environmental Liability Recognition and Creditors Decision Making. Also, companies may need to focus more on immediate, tangible aspects of environmental accounting rather than broader, long-term sustainability initiatives to satisfy current market and regulatory demands. The paper recommends that companies needs to understand the specific environmental factors that influence creditor decision-making, such as Carbon Emission Disclosure and Environmental Liability Recognition, can aid in tailoring reports to meet stakeholder expectations, particularly those of financial institutions.

Assessing the effect of banditry on small and medium size enterprises performance in Kaduna, Katsina and Zamfara state Nigeria

Usman Junaidu — 2024-09-30

The persistent rise in banditry in northern Nigeria has led to increased insecurity, severely disrupting economic activities, particularly among Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). This has resulted in a significant reduction in the operational capacity and growth of these businesses. This study investigates the impact of banditry on the performance of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Kaduna, Katsina, and Zamfara states, Nigeria. Using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), the research analyzed data from 300 valid responses collected through structured questionnaires administered to SME owners and managers. The study focuses on the frequency, severity, and geographical spread of banditry as key constructs influencing SME performance. The findings reveal that the frequency and severity of banditry incidents have significant negative effects on SME performance, while the geographical spread of banditry has a minimal impact. These results underscore the need for targeted interventions that prioritize reducing the frequency and severity of attacks, rather than merely addressing their geographic distribution. Recommendations include enhancing security measures, increasing community policing, and investing in local intelligence networks to mitigate banditry. SMEs are encouraged to adopt resilience strategies such as diversifying operations and investing in security infrastructure. This study contributes to the academic understanding of banditry’s impact on business performance and emphasizes the importance
of tailored interventions to support SME resilience and economic growth in affected regions.

Democracy, governance and electoral violence in Nigeria: the 2019 Rivers state example

Samuel C. Ugoh — 2024-09-30

The main objective of this study is to examine governance in a democratic society and its interface with electoral violence. Of late, governance has come to mean democracy that depends on the provision of basic needs for the people such as security, shelter, etc. However, this system of democracy has been intercepted by illegitimate governance, and thus, raised debates among scholars and policy makers. The paper therefore postulates that the electoral body and polarization of the body could be blamed for the illegalities to conduct free and fair elections. The work adopted a historical approach to the research and used qualitative sources of information. The study also applied frustration Aggression theory which anchored on the assumption that aggression is always the consequence of frustration and constant struggle for political power in a democratic environment. The study found out that the illegitimate method to win election has led to bad governance which on occasions, exacerbate agitation of even - development in modern democracy. The paper concludes that a policy should be formulated and implemented to make the electoral body such as the independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) truly Independent that is free from executive manipulation. The study recommends that once the electoral violence is minimized in a manner acceptable by the populace, governance has the capacity to jump start human development.

The effect of talent management practices on employee performance in Nigerian local governments

Abdullateef Ameen — 2024-09-30

Effective talent management is vital for enhancing employees and organizational productivity, performance and overall accomplishment. However, many organizations, particularly within the Nigerian public sector, struggle to attract and retain their most talented and qualified employees. This study intends to explore the effect of talent management practices (TMPs) on employee performance in Ilorin-south Local Government of Kwara State, Nigeria. Data was gathered from the Local Government Staff via a questionnaire, utilizing a stratified sampling technique to get a sample size of 129 from a totality of 194, as established by Krejcie and Morgan (1970). Regression analysis was utilized to analysis the projected hypotheses. The
findings signify that talent attraction (R² = 0.390; P-value < 0.005), talent development (R² = 0.423; P-value < 0.05), and talent retention (R² = 0.415; P-value < 0.005) all have significant positive effects on employee’s performance. Therefore, the study concluded that talent management is a fundamental human resource policy in organization that significantly influences employee performance in the workplace. It is recommended that the management and administrators of Ilorin-south Local Government should prioritize talent management practices to enhance employee commitment and performance, thus increasing individual contributions within the organization.

Proposed model on the effect of training on deviancy among cadets in Nigeria Police Academy

Yusuf AbdulBasit — 2024-09-30

Deviant behavior in Nigeria has been reported to constitute serious threat to service delivery in both public and private sector organizations. Police officers in Nigeria engaged in various deviant behaviors, including bribery, corruption, and extortion of civilians. Specifically, cadets at Nigeria Police Academy exhibited deviant behaviors such as bullying, fighting, sex offences,
sexual harassment, absenteeism, violence behavior, disobedient to rules and regulations, alcohol consumption, vandalism, drug abuse, insulting/assaulting, stealing which necessitates this research. This article explores the relationship between training and deviancy among cadets in the Nigeria Police Academy, examining how structured training programs impact
both skill development and behavioral outcomes. While these programs are designed to instill discipline, teamwork, and professionalism, deviant behavior can still emerge due to various factors, including individual traits, peer influence, and the training environment itself. Through a review of current research, the article highlights the importance of values-based leadership, emotional intelligence, and psychological resilience in minimizing deviancy. It also emphasizes the role of positive peer dynamics and early intervention in promoting ethical conduct. Ultimately, the article argues that a balanced approach to training focusing on both technical proficiency and character development—is essential for preparing cadets to succeed in their careers while maintaining high ethical standards.

Effect of coordination on organizational performance in Nigeria: A study of Kano State Civil Service Commission

Umar Uthman Mohammed — 2024-09-30

Coordination is globally recognized as a crucial factor in enhancing operational efficiency and overall performance, particularly in public service institutions with complex bureaucratic structures. Organizations that prioritize effective communication, interdepartmental collaboration, and streamlined decision-making tend to achieve better outcomes. For example, public sector organizations in the United States and Europe have improved efficiency through modern communication technologies, while countries like Singapore and Canada have implemented collaborative frameworks to foster greater cooperation among government departments. Narrowing down to the context of Nigeria, public sector organizations often operate in environments characterized by bureaucratic inefficiencies, fragmented communication systems, and hierarchical decision-making processes. Despite existing research on coordination and organizational performance in Nigeria’s public sector, there remains a gap in empirical studies focusing on how these dynamics specifically impact the performance of public service organizations like the Kano State Civil Service Commission. As such, this study majorly assesses the effect of coordination on organizational performance within the Kano State Civil Service Commission, specifically, the study intends to examine or assess on how communication flow, interdepartmental collaboration, and decision-making efficiency influence performance within the Commission. Using a survey research design, data was collected from 294 employees through a stratified random sample. The analysis involved descriptive statistics and multiple regression models, revealing that communication flow and decision-making efficiency significantly impact organizational performance, while interdepartmental collaboration showed a lesser effect. The findings suggest that 65% of performance variation is explained by coordination factors. Recommendations include implementing structured communication channels, enhancing decision-making processes, and providing training programs to improve efficiency. Future research should explore the role of technology in enhancing coordination practices to further boost organizational performance.

Effect of transformational leadership on employee productivity in Nigeria Police Force

Iyere Abraham Kelvin — 2024-09-30

The Nigeria Police Force (NPF) plays a pivotal role in maintaining law and order, ensuring public safety, and upholding the rule of law across Nigeria. Despite numerous reforms, the NPF faces persistent challenges such as inadequate resources, corruption, poor training, and low morale, which significantly hinder its performance and productivity. This study investigates the effect of transformational leadership on employee productivity within the NPF. Transformational leadership, characterized by idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration, has been shown to positively impact employee motivation, commitment, and performance in various organizational settings. The study employs a quantitative research design, using structured questionnaires to examine the impact of transformational leadership on employee performance. The population consists of police officers in various stations within the Nigeria Police Force. A stratified random sampling technique was used to ensure representation across different ranks and departments, with a sample size of 201 respondents determined using Krejcie and Morgan’s (1970) formula. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis to explore the relationship between transformational leadership and employee performance. SPSS software was used to calculate metrics, while Cronbach’s alpha was employed to test the reliability of the questionnaire. This method ensures a robust analysis of how transformational leadership affects performance in the police force. The findings of this study clearly demonstrate that transformational leadership has a significant positive effect on employee performance within the Nigeria Police Force (NPF). The results show that leadership behaviors characterized by inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, idealized influence, and individualized consideration are linked to improved motivation, commitment, and productivity among officers. By adopting transformational leadership practices, the NPF can overcome internal challenges such as low morale and inefficiency, ultimately enhancing its operational effectiveness and service delivery to the community. The data supports the hypothesis that transformational leadership plays a crucial role in driving positive organizational outcomes in the NPF. The insights gained from this research can inform policymakers and law enforcement agencies on effective leadership strategies to enhance police productivity and public safety.

The Drivers of African Migrants to Europe and the Mediterranean Sea Death Trap

Ndaliman Alhaji Hassan — 2024-09-30

The migration of Africans to Europe has witnessed a sharp rise in recent times with the aim of searching for greener pasture, safety and lucrative jobs to improve their standard of living. The paper examines the issues that serve as drivers which prompt Africans to leave their countries of origin to settle in Europe. The migrants’ journey is parlous and some of them end up dying in the Mediterranean Sea before reaching their cherished destinations. The paper used secondary data from books, journal articles and United Nations publications. Content analysis was used to analyze the data. The study is guided by the World System Theory. The findings of the paper showed that Africans migration to Europe is driven by the globalization forces controlled by the core states that impoverishes African countries, which is an indication of another world order shaped by imperialism. So also, maladministration, corruption, abject poverty, insecurity and unemployment are endemic issues that force Africans to leave for Europe in search of better living. The paper also found that in 2022 alone 2, 367 African migrants died in the Mediterranean Sea. Based on the findings, the paper recommends that the European Union and the African Union should work together to improve good governance in Africa, and reduce the global economic inequities, that will lead to economic prosperity and peace thereby curtailing the migration crisis.